The ladder of inference describes how a negotiator, or any decision maker, relies upon her personal knowledge, or observable data, up the ladder of inference to the next stage, which is selected data.
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ladder of inference
A model that describes how individuals reach conclusions and make decisions based on facts. The model states that individuals move from observable data and experiences to selected "data," added meanings, assumptions from those selected data and meanings, conclusions that are drawn, beliefs from those conclusions, and actions based on those beliefs. (Peter M. Senge, Art Kleiner, Charlotte Roberts and Bryan J. Smith, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook [Currency, Doubleday, 1994])
The following items are tagged ladder of inference:
Negotiation and Leadership
NEGOTIATION MASTER CLASS
Negotiation Essentials Online
Articles & Insights
BATNA
- Business Negotiations
- Conflict Resolution
- Crisis Negotiations
- Dealing with Difficult People
- Dealmaking
- Dispute Resolution
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Techniques: Negotiating Conditions
- Settling Out of Court: Negotiating in the Shadow of the Law
- Cultural Barriers and Conflict Negotiation Strategies: Apple’s Apology in China
- Dear Negotiation Coach: Determining the Right Compensation Offer After a Disaster
- Dispute Resolution on Facebook: Using a Negotiation Approach to Resolve a Conflict
- International Negotiation
- India’s Direct Approach to Conflict Resolution
- The Negotiation Process in China
- Elements of Negotiation Style: Angela Merkel
- How to Overcome Cultural Barriers in Communication – Cultural Approximations of Time and the Impact on Negotiations
- Government Negotiations and Beyond: Using Carrots and Sticks Effectively
- Leadership Skills
- Mediation
- What Makes a Good Mediator?
- Interest-Based Negotiation: In Mediation, Focus on Your Goals
- Employee Mediation Techniques – Resolve Disputes and Manage Conflict with These Mediation Skills
- AI Mediation: Using AI to Help Mediate Disputes
- Undecided on Your Dispute Resolution Process? Combine Mediation and Arbitration, Known as Med-Arb
- Negotiation Skills
- Dear Negotiation Coach: Making a Deal When You Have Anxiety
- Daniel Kahneman Showed Negotiators a More Rational Path
- A Token Concession: In Negotiation, the Gift that Keeps on Giving
- Negotiation Skills: How to Become a Negotiation Master
- In Negotiation, How Much Do Personality and Other Individual Differences Matter?
- Negotiation Training
- Ethics and Negotiation: 5 Principles of Negotiation to Boost Your Bargaining Skills in Business Situations
- The Importance of a Relationship in Negotiation
- Negotiation Training: What’s Special About Technology Negotiations?
- Use a Negotiation Preparation Worksheet for Continuous Improvement
- New Negotiation Books Offer In-Depth Solutions to Practical Challenges
- Salary Negotiations
- Teaching Negotiation
- Teaching with Multi-Round Simulations: Balancing Internal and External Negotiations
- Now Available: Full Videos from the AI Negotiation Summit
- Teach Your Students to Negotiate the Technology Industry
- Power Asymmetry and the Principal Agent Problem
- Parker-Gibson All-In-One Curriculum Package is Now Available!
- Win-Win Negotiations